Mechanical Engineering During World War I

By Samson Zhu

Photo by Suzy Brooks on Unsplash

World War 2 was a period of transformation and new developments in military technology but WWI marked the advent of modern mechanized warfare, with tanks and armored vehicles emerging as critical elements on the battlefield. Last article we talked about the developments of tanks from 1939 to 1945, here will examine how the tanks came to be and the key technological advancements in tanks and armored vehicles during World War I from a mechanical engineering perspective.

The stalemate of trench warfare necessitated the development of a new type of vehicle capable of crossing difficult terrain and breaking through enemy lines. Mainly British engineers responded by designing the first tanks, which combined mobility, protection, and firepower.

Tank Innovations

Engine and Mobility: Early tanks, such as the British Mark I, were powered by modified agricultural tractor engines. Engineers adapted these engines to provide sufficient power for the heavy armored vehicles, enabling them to traverse across the Western Front. For example, the  Mark I, used a 105-horsepower Daimler engine, allowing it to move at speeds of up to 4 mph (The Soviet T-34 during WW2 was at 37mph).

Track Systems: The development of track systems was a significant mechanical engineering achievement. These tracks allowed tanks to cross trenches and navigate muddy, uneven terrain that wheeled vehicles could not. 

Armored Hulls: The tanks were constructed with riveted steel plates, balancing both weight and protective ability. The Mark I had armor thickness ranging from 6 to 12 mm, providing good defense against machine gun bullets and shell fragments. 

What was the impact and importance of these developments?

The mechanical engineering innovations of World War I laid the main groundwork for future advancements in military vehicle design. As principles of engine power, track mobility, and armored protection developed during this period continued to influence the development of tanks and armored vehicles during World War II. These advancements were refined and expanded upon, leading to more powerful engines, better suspension systems, sloped armor, and more effective armament in World War II. 

Sources:

Brown, J. (1990). Tracked Vehicles in World War I. Military Press.

First World War - Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Institution of Mechanical Engineers

Tanks in World War I - Wikipedia. Wikipedia